Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) can be defined as systems composed of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using data-accessing and data-processing services available on the internet, at the same time (Monostori 2014), with the realization of the increasing importance of the interactions between interconnected computing systems and the physical world (Wang, Törngren & Onori 2016). In this sense, Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) can be understood as systems that consist of autonomous and cooperative elements/sub-systems that are getting into connection with each other in situation-dependent ways, on and across all levels of production, from processes, production lines, to logistics networks. As pointed out by Monostori (2014), modeling the operation of CPPS and also predicting their emergent behavior raises a series of basic and application-oriented research tasks. Above all, integration of analytical and simulation-based models to their physical counterparts, i.e., Digital Twins (DT), can be projected to become more significant than ever in future industrial applications.
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